
Millions of people around the world love to start their day with a steaming cup of coffee. The aroma and the taste of coffee have become a staple of our modern life and culture. As coffee is probably the most frequently ingested beverage worldwide, it is interesting to discuss its potential health benefits or adverse effects.
Benefits: 
- Coffee has a significant antioxidant activity and may have an inverse association with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Coffee and caffeine consumption decreases the risk of Parkinson’s disease
- Protective against liver cirrhosis; especially alcoholic cirrhosis and associated with reduced risk of Hepatocellular carcinoma
Adverse effects: 
- Heavy coffee consumption (>5 cups per day) can be associated with the risk of myocardial infarction
- Coffee consumption is associated with risk of hypertension
- Heavy coffee consumption in pregnant women is associated with high incidence of impending abortion, premature labor, and fetuses small for gestational age
- Ingestion of caffeine may increase the risk of an early spontaneous abortion among non-smoking women carrying fetuses with normal karyotypes
Reference:- Ranheim T, Halvorsen B. Coffee consumption and human health- beneficial or detrimental? – Mechanisms for effects of coffee consumption on different risk factors for cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes mellitus, Mol Nutr Food Res. 2005 Mar;49(3):274-84
- Salazar-Martinez E, Willett WC, Ascherio A, Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus, Ann Intern Med. 2004 Jan 6;140(1):1-8
- Ascherio A, Zhang SM, Hernan Ma, Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson’s disease in men and women, Ann Neurol. 2001 Jul; 50 (1): 56-63
- Klatsky AL, Morton C, Udaltsova N, Coffee, cirrhosis and transaminase enzymes, Arch Intern Med. 2006 Jun 12; 166(11): 1190-5
- Inoue M, Yoshimi I, Sobue T, Influence of coffee drinking on subsequent risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in Japan, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Feb 16;97 (4):293-300
- Palmer JR, Rosenberg L, Rao RS, Coffee consumption and myocardial infarction in women, Am J Epidemiol.1995 Apr 15;141(

:724-31
- Furuhashi N, Sato S, Suzuki M, Effects of caffeine ingestion during pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1985; 19(4):187-91
do you know other health benefits or adverse effects of coffee?
discuss it here!
